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ABOUT
THE COLOR YELLOW
Yellow is the color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and
M (long and medium wavelength) cone cells of the retina about equally,
but does not significantly stimulate the S (short-wavelength) cone
cells; that is, light with much red and green but not very much blue.[2]
Light with a wavelength of 570–580 nm is yellow, as is light with
a suitable mixture of somewhat longer and shorter wavelengths. Yellow's
traditional RYB complementary color is purple, violet or indigo. Yellow's
colorimetrically defined complementary color in both RGB and CMYK
color spaces is blue.
Electric
yellow vs. process yellow
Electric Yellow
The color box at right shows the most intense yellow representable
in 8-bit RGB color model; yellow is a secondary color in an additive
RGB space. The measured light spectrum from yellow pixels on a typical
computer display is complex, and very unlike the reflectance spectrum
of a yellow object such as a banana.
Process
yellow
Process yellow (also known as pigment yellow, printer's yellow or
canary yellow) is one of the three colors typically used as subtractive
primary colors, along with magenta and cyan. The CMYK system for color
printing is based on using four inks, one of which is a yellow color.
This is in itself a standard color, and a fairly narrow range of yellow
inks or pigments are used. Process yellow is based on a colorant that
reflects the preponderance of red and green light, and absorbs most
blue light, as in the reflectance spectra shown in the figure on the
lower right. Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and
use of different color wheels, painters traditionally regard the complement
of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet. Process yellow is not
an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries
to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there
can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.
Etymology
and definitions
The word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, or geolwe which
derived from the Proto-Germanic word gelwaz. The oldest known usage
of this word in English is in the Old English poem Beowulf, in a description
of a shield made of wood from a yew tree. In the English language,
yellow is used to describe objects having the color between green
and orange in the visible light spectrum (gold, egg yolks, sunflowers,
etc.). The color is associated with age and aging, both with people
and objects (e.g. yellowed-paper). Ethnographically, the term yellow
has also been used as a slang term for both oriental persons and light-skinned
African-Americans. The term is associated at times with jealousy,
as well as cowardliness. Lastly, it is associated with sensational
journalistic practices, or yellow journalism, and resistance to militant
trade unions.
Complements
of yellow
Hunt defines that "two colors are complementary when it is possible
to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus
by an additive mixture of these two stimuli." That is, when two colored
lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored)
light, the colors of those two lights are complementary. This definition,
however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified.
In the nineteenth century, the scientists Grassmann and Helmholtz
did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement
for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo,
that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call violet.
Helmholtz says "Yellow and indigo blue" are complements. Grassman
reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths
and says "This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between
which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow
lie." Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary
between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow
is a wavelength shorter than 450 nm, are derivable from the modern
CIE 1931 system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is
about 580 nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the
color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 K or lower (that
is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically,
with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement
of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard
modern answer for the complement of yellow.
Plants
and animals
* The yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) is a birch species native
to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern
Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to
northern Georgia. They are medium-sized deciduous trees and can reaching
about 20 m tall, trunks up to 80 cm in diameter. The bark is smooth
and yellow-bronze and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry,
and toothpicks. Yellow-breasted Chat
* Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens) are large foraging songbird
found in southern parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, and
Central America. They are olive with a white bellies and a yellow
throat and breast, with a long tail, a thick heavy bill, a large white
eye ring, and dark legs.
* A yellow-fever mosquito is a mosquito in the Aedes genus, so named
because they transmit dengue fever and yellow fever, the mosquito-born
viruses.
* Yellow-green alga, also called xanthophytes, is a class of algae
in the Heterokontophyta division. Most live in freshwater, but some
are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled
flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms. Unlike other
heterokonts, yellow-green algae's chloroplasts do not contain fucoxanthin,
which is why they have a lighter color.
* The Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) is a passerine in the bunting
family Emberizidae. It breeds across Europe and much of Asia. Most
yellowhammers are resident, but some far northern birds migrate south
in winter. It is common in all sorts of open areas with some scrub
or trees. They are large with a thick seed-eater's bill. The males
have a bright yellow head, yellow underparts, and a heavily streaked
brown back. Females are much duller and more streaked below.
* Yellowjackets are black-and-yellow wasps of the genus Vespula or
Dolichovespula (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable
of these being the bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata). They
can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small
size (slightly larger than a bee), and entirely black antennae. *
Yellow poplar is a common name for Liriodendron, the tuliptree. The
name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.
* The Yellow-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a large woodpecker
species of eastern North America. They have yellow shafts on their
wing and tail feathers.
* Yellowtail is the common name for dozens of different fish species
that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
* Goldenrod is a yellow flowering plant in the Family Asteraceae
* A Yellow Labrador Retriever refers to the lightest color that occurs
in the breed, lighter than chocolate and black Labrador retrievers.
Yellow
in human culture
Astronomy
* Stars of spectral class G, such as our sun Sol, have a color temperature
that we characterize as "yellowish".
* The planet Saturn is yellowish, like a class G star.
Calendars
* Yellow is associated with Monday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone
that may wear yellow on Mondays, and anyone born on a Monday may choose
yellow as their favorite color.
Cultural
associations
* In the English language, yellow has traditionally been associated
with jaundice and cowardice. In American slang, a coward is said to
be a "yellowbellied" person or "yellow".
* "Yellow" ("giallo"), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional
and real. This association began about in 1930 because the first series
of crime novels published in Italy had a yellow cover.
* Pencils are often painted yellow, originally because of the association
of this color with the Orient, where the best graphite is found. *
The phrase "Yellow Yellow, dirty fellow" is used by children to mock
someone wearing yellow.
* Yellow movies = blue movies in Chinese reference:
* The ancient Maya associated the color yellow with the direction
South. The Maya glyph for "yellow" (k'an)also means "precious".
* "Yellow" is associated with the word caution; it is also the second
light on the stop lights.
Ethnography
* East Asians are sometimes referred to as the yellow race. The use
of "yellow" to refer to people of East Asian descent is usually regarded
as offensive today in most contexts. In early 20th-century North America,
immigrants from China and other East Asian nations were derogatorily
referred to as a "yellow peril."
* A High yellow is African-American slang for someone who is a very
light-skinned African-American. This term was widely used in the early
20th century but it is seldom heard nowadays.
Games
* Yellow is the color of the snooker ball that has a 2-point value.
* A semi-popular game in the UK is "Yellow Car", which involves yelling
"Yellow Car" and striking someone close to you on spotting a yellow
car. There are multiple variations of this game depending on area
or group played with, but the above is the common rule between them.
History
* The legendary first emperor of China was known as the Yellow Emperor
or Huang Di.
* The Yellow Turbans were a Daoist sect that staged an extensive rebellion
during the Han Dynasty.
Journalism
* "Yellow journalism" was sensationalist journalism that distorts,
exaggerates, or exploits news to maximize profit. The term came from
Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New
York Journal American, who engaged in sensational reporting during
the late 19th and early 20th century, most famously during the Spanish-American
War. The term was derived from the color comic strip The Yellow Kid,
which appeared in both papers.
Literature
* The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman.
Medicine
* Yellow is associated with jaundice, since someone who has that symptom
has skin and/or eyes which have become yellowish.
Mining
* Yellowcake (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated
uranium oxide, obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake
is used in the preparation of fuel for nuclear reactors and in uranium
enrichment, one of the essential steps for creating nuclear weapons.
Music
* The Beatles 1966 album Revolver (album) features the #1 hit, "Yellow
Submarine."
* The March 1967 album by Donovan called Mellow Yellow was very popular
among the hippies. The featured song on the album, "Mellow Yellow,"
popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed hoax that
it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of
banana peels, although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by
a different musician popular among the hippies, Country Joe McDonald.
* Coldplay achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single "Yellow."
It is a song that associates things the singer sees with the color
yellow.
Politics
* Yellow was also the color of the New Party in the Republic of China
(Taiwan), which supports Chinese reunification.
* In the United States, a yellow dog Democrat was a Southern voter
who consistently voted for Democratic candidates in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the
Republicans dating back to the Civil War and Reconstruction period.
Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring
to a person who would vote for a "yellow dog" before voting for a
Republican.
* The Monster Raving Loony Party (OMRLP) has made use of yellow, along
with black, as its primary party colors.
* In the 1986 People Power Revolution, yellow was the dominant theme,
the color being associated with former president Corazon Aquino.
Sports
* In Association football (soccer), the referee shows a yellow card
to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned.
* In American Football, a yellow flag is thrown onto the field by
a referee to indicate a penalty.
* Originally in Rugby League and then later, also in Rugby Union,
the referee shows a yellow card to indicate that a player has been
sent to the sin bin.
* In auto racing, a yellow flag signals caution. Cars are not allowed
to pass one another under a yellow flag.
* In cycle racing, the yellow jersey - or maillot jaune - is awarded
to the leader in a stage race. The tradition was begun in the Tour
de France where the sponsoring L'Auto newspaper (later L'Équipe) was
printed on distinctive yellow newsprint.
Transportation
* In some countries, taxicabs are commonly yellow. This practice began
in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur John D. Hertz painted his taxis
yellow based on a University of Chicago study alleging that yellow
is the color most easily seen at a distance.
* In Canada and the United States, school buses are almost uniformly
painted a yellow color (often referred to as "school bus yellow")
for purposes of visibility and safety, and British bus operators such
as FirstGroup plc are attempting to introduce the concept there *
"Caterpillar yellow" and "high-visibility yellow" are used for highway
construction equipment.
* In the rules of the road, yellow (called "amber" in Britain) is
a traffic light signal warning that the period in which passage is
permitted is coming to an end. It is intermediate between green (go)
and red (stop). In railway signaling, yellow is often the color for
warning, slow down, such as with distant signals. * Several light
rail and rapid transit lines on various public transportation have
a Yellow Line.
Vexillology
* In International maritime signal flags a yellow flag denotes the
letter "Q". It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to
be Quarantined.
Yellow
pigments * Cadmium yellow * Chrome yellow * Gamboge * Indian Yellow
* Naples Yellow * Yellow ochre * Orpiment * Titanium yellow
