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ABOUT
THE COLOR WHITE
White is a color, the perception which is evoked by light that stimulates
all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in
near equal amount and with high brightness compared to the surroundings.
A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White
light can be generated in many ways. The Sun is such a source, electric
incandescence is another. Modern light sources are fluorescent lamps
and light-emitting diodes. An object that does not alter the color
of light reflected from its surface will appear white, unless it has
very high specular reflection. Since white objects such as clouds,
snow and flowers appear often in nature, human culture has many references
to white, often related to purity and cleanness. The high contrast
between white and black often represents opposites.
Etymology
The word white comes from the Common Germanic hwitaz though the Old
English word hwi-t.
Light
White light refracted in a prism revealing the color components. Until
Newton's work became accepted, most scientists believed that white
was the fundamental color of light; and that other colors were formed
only by adding something to light. Newton demonstrated this was not
true by passing white light through a prism, then through another
prism. If the colors were added by the prism, the second prism should
have added further colors to the single-colored beam. Since the single-colored
beam remained a single color, Newton concluded that the prism merely
separated the colors already present in the light. White light is
the effect of combining the visible colors of light in equal proportions.
Since the impression of white is obtained by three summations of light
intensity across the visible spectrum, the number of combinations
of light wavelengths that produce the sensation of white is practically
infinite. There are a number of different white light sources such
as the midday Sun, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and white
LEDs. The impression of white light can also be created by mixing
appropriate intensities of the primary colors of light — red, green
and blue (RGB) — a process called additive mixing, as seen in many
display technologies. The best known way to generate white light is
by the process called incandescence, by a black body at various relatively-high
temperatures. For example, the color of a black body at a temperature
of 2848 kelvins matches that produced by domestic incandescent light
bulbs. It is said that "the color temperature of such a light bulb
is 2848 K". The white light used in theatre illumination has a color
temperature of about 3200 K. Daylight can vary from a cool red up
to a bluish 25,000 K. Not all black body radiation can be considered
white light: the background radiation of the universe, to name an
extreme example, is only a few kelvins and is quite invisible.
Objects
White light reflected off objects can be seen when no part of the
light spectrum is reflected significantly more than others and the
reflecting material has a degree of diffusion. This is seen when transparent
fibers, particles, or droplets are in a transparent matrix of a substantially
different refractive index. Examples include classic "white" substances
such as sugar, foam, pure sand or snow, cotton, clouds, and milk.
Crystal boundaries and imperfections can also make otherwise transparent
materials white, as in the milky quartz or the microcrystalline structure
of a seashell. This is also true for artificial paints and pigments,
where white results when finely divided transparent material of a
high refractive index is suspended in a contrasting binder. Typically
paints contain calcium carbonate and/or synthetic rutile with no other
pigments if a white color is desired. While the color of a light source
can be reasonably measured by its correlated color temperature, a
different approach is required for objects since different samples
may appear white without a reference. Thus, assessment of whiteness
requires a comparison. The International Commission on Illumination
(CIE) prescribes one such method.
In
nature
Astronomy
* Stars of stellar class A are white.
* White dwarfs are small dense stars thought to be the final evolutionary
state.
Geography
Mount Blanc in the Alps
* Mauna Kea means white mountain in Hawaiian because, due to its high
altitude, the top of this mountain is usually covered in snow during
the winter.
* Mount Blanc means white mountain in French named for its perennial
snow cover. * Mount Kilimanjaro's name could originate from Swahili
meaning little white hill.
* There are a number of islands called White Island around the world
* The White Sea is an inlet of the Barents Sea on the northwest coast
of Russia.
Meteorology
* White is commonly the color of snow and ice.
* Whiteout is a weather condition in which visibility is reduced and
surface definition lost in snowy environments.
In
human culture
Paint
In painting, white can be crafted by reflecting ambient light from
a white pigment, although the ambient light must be white light,
or else the white pigment will appear the color of the light. White
when mixed with black produces gray. To art students, the use of
white can present particular problems, and there is at least one
training course specializing in the use of white in art. In watercolor
painting, white areas are the absence of paint on the paper. When
mixing paints in order to get a lighter color, it's advisable to
mix a small amount of color to white, rather than trying to add
white to the color, as it will take considerably more paint to get
the desired tint.
Science and
technology
Computer displays often have a color temperature control, allowing
the user to select the color temperature (usually from a small set
of fixed values) of the light emitted when the computer produces
the electrical signal corresponding to "white". The RGB coordinates
of white are (255, 255, 255).
* White noise, in acoustics, is a sibilant sound that is often a
nuisance, although it can also be deliberately created for test
purposes.
Asian culture
* In China, traditionally, white was the symbol of West and Metal,
one of the main five colors.
* In Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese tradition, white
is the color of mourning and death.
* In Indian tradition, white is also the color of purity and sacredness.
It is also used for depicting Peace and Purity. However it is also
the color of mourning. People wear white after death of any of their
family members.
Dress code
* In a highly-formal social function, the traditional dress for
men attending is white tie or "white tie and tails"-- a white bow
tie and a swallowtail coat.
* Physicians and scientists are known for wearing white coats both
as a practical measure as protection against spills and infection,
and as a sort of uniform showing authority.
Ethnography
* The term white is often used in the West to denote the race of
pale-skinned Caucasoids people of European descent with pale to
white skin color, whose skin color actually varies widely from pale
pink to pale brown. It has been suggested that the colors beige
or peach are a more accurate representation of the color of most
Caucasians.
Literature
* White could be associated with horror. The famous chapter 42 ("The
Whiteness of The Whale") of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick speculates
about it.
* White is associated with the Psychoforce in Dan Genesis' Chaotic
Reign series, and is one of the primary colors of the Amazonas Region.
* Wilkie Collins wrote a famous novel titled "The Woman in White"
(1859)
Military
* A white flag is an international sign of either surrender, or
truce, that is, it is a sign of peaceful intent, typically at time
of war.
* To "show the white feather" is to display cowardice. In cockfighting,
a white feather in the tail is considered a mark of inferior breeding.
In Victorian England a purported coward would be presented with
a white feather.
Music
* The White Album, released in 1968, was the best-selling record
album by the Beatles.
* White Light/White Heat, the second studio album by Velvet Underground.
* Also the White Albun, released in 2004 is an album from Australian
band TISM.
* White Magic is an American rock band.
* In the folk song "Casey Jones," there is a line "You've got a
white eye," meaning the person being addressed is blind. * The White
Stripes is a famous band with the members Jack White and Meg White.
* Whitesnake is also a famous rock band.
* White Lion is another famous rock band.
* White label records are unmarked usually vinyl discs used for
promotion or testing of musical recordings. Government
and politics
* The White House is the residence of the President of the United
States.
* White is often associated with Monarchism (as opposed to Republicanism).
This originated from Royalist rebellions against the French Revolution
(see Revolt in the Vendée), known as the White terror. It re-emerged
in the years following World War I, with civil wars fought between
"Reds" and "Whites", for instance the Civil War in Russia and the
Civil War in Finland.
* In both the French Revolution and Russian Revolution, white symbolized
royalism.
* The White Revolution (Persian: Enghelab-e-Sephid) was a far-reaching
series of reforms launched in 1963 by the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad
Reza Pahlavi.
* The White Rose was a non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany,
consisting of five students from the University of Munich and their
philosophy professor.
* The white ribbon is worn by movements denouncing violence against
women. It is also worn by some feminists and was a symbol for peace
in Quebec, in the beginning of 2003, as part of the popular opposition
to war on Iraq.
* When the government of a nation is in chaos and a strong leader
emerges and establishes a dictatorship, he is referred to as a man
on a white horse. Examples include Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini,
Francisco Franco, and Juan Peron.
* Whitewash, figuratively, means an attempt to obscure the truth
by issuing a blanket of lies. See propaganda. Also, it refers to
the action of burying or shoving someone's face into the snow, as
a form of bullying, or harassment (generally).
* A white paper can be an authoritative report on a major issue,
as by a team of experts; a government report outlining policy; or
a short treatise whose purpose is to educate industry customers.
It is called white paper because it was originally bound in white.
Religion
* The liturgical robes of priests from various religions are often
white.
* The Roman Catholic Pope's cassock is white.
* White robes (along with a green apron) are worn inside Mormon
Temples.
* In Judaism and Christianity, a white dove is typically a peace
symbol.
* White was the symbol of Catholics, including the House of Guise
and the Catholic League, during the French Wars of Religion, as
illustrated in the 1852 painting A Huguenot on St. Bartholomew's
Day by John Everett Millais.
* The orisha Obatala in the Ifá tradition is represented by white.
Obatala is associated with calmness, morality, old age, and purity.
* It is believed by those adherent to Theosophy, as well as by adherents
of religions derived from Theosophy such as the I AM Activity and
the Church Universal and Triumphant, that the deities they regard
as the governing deities of Earth, the Great White Brotherhood (Ascended
masters), have white auras. (That is why they are called the Great
White Brotherhood.)
Love and
sexuality
* White is the traditional color of bridal dress in both western
(European) and Japanese weddings. In Western weddings, a white dress
is thought to be symbolic of purity (the bride has not engaged in
pre-marital sex). This is also said to be the symbolism of the veil.
In Japanese weddings, white is to symbolize the "death" of their
former family and their introduction into their new family.
* In the bandana code of the gay leather subculture, wearing a white
bandana means one is into mutual masturbation.
Sports
* White is the color of the usual cricket clothing, usually referred
to as 'whites'. It is a result of cricket being a summer game with
players being exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged periods of
time.
* In Wimbledon, players always have to wear white as it is a very
traditional event. Players will not be allowed to compete if they
do not wear white.
* Australian Rules Football umpires' traditional uniform color is
white. Nowadays most competitions (including AFL and VFL) provide
other colors to ensure the umpires aren't clashing with players
uniforms for higher visibility. At lower levels, however white is
still the predominant color.
* White was originally the national auto racing color of Japan until
international racing colors were abandoned due to sponsorship.
* In baseball and basketball, white is the color typically used
for uniforms worn by the home team.
* There is a Major League Baseball team called the Chicago White
Sox.
Symbolic
dualism with black
* White often represents purity or innocence in Western Civilization,
particularly as white clothing or objects are easy to stain. In
most Western countries white is the color worn by brides at weddings.
Angels are typically depicted as clothed in white robes. In early
film Westerns the stereotypically "good guy" wore a white hat (earning
them the name "White Hats") while the "bad guy" wore black (earning
them the name "Black Hats"). o This can be reversed as a deliberate
play on conventions, by having the evil character dress in white,
as a symbol of their hypocrisy or arrogance. For example, Don Fanucci
in "The Godfather, Part II" is an evil character, but wears an expensive
all-white suit as a sign of his esteem, power and prestige.
* Healing or "good" magic is called White magic.
* A Treatise on White Magic is a book by Alice Bailey, a Theosophist.
* Yin and yang is usually depicted in black and white.
* Board Games often has white as one of the two opponents in many
board games of abstract strategy, such as go, chess, and checkers.
* In Western TV programs, and Western movies, the "good guy" usually
wears a white hat. But in the dramatic series Dallas, J. R. Ewing
wears a white hat in defiance of this convention, inasmuch as there
is nothing "good" about him.
* A white hat describes a person who is ethically opposed to the
abuse of computer systems, in contrast with a black hat, a person
who abuses computer systems.
Vexillology
and heraldry
* Vatican City has a flag of yellow and white (although in normal
European heraldry one is not supposed to use these two colors together
because both represent metals--yellow represents gold and white
represents silver), to show that the Church is not bound by secular
rules.
* In the Ethnic Almanac, under the heading of the Irish, it says
that on the flag of Ireland the green stands for the Catholics,
the orange for the Protestants, and the white for the unity between
them. The Almanac says about this, "No comment."
* In English heraldry, white or silver (color) signified brightness,
purity, virtue, and innocence.
* Arthur Charles Fox-Davies has argued that white can be considered
a tincture in heraldry separate from its use to represent argent,
and in fact the labels borne on the arms, crests and supporters
of members of the British Royal Family other than the reigning sovereign
are invariably shown as white.
