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ABOUT
THE COLOR RED
Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting
predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the
human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 625–740 nm. Longer wavelengths
than this are called infrared, or below red and cannot be seen by
the naked human eye. Red is used as one of the additive primary colors
of light, complementary to cyan, in RGB color systems. Red is also
one of the subtractive primary colors of RYB color space but not CMYK
color space. In human color psychology, red is associated with heat,
energy and blood, and emotions that "stir the blood", including anger,
passion, and love.
Etymology
and definitions
The word red comes from the Old English re-ad.[5] Further back, the
word can be traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo
European root reudh-. This is the only color word which has been traced
to an Indo-European root.[6] In Sanskrit, the word rudra means red.
In the English language, the word red is associated with the color
of blood, certain flowers (e.g. roses), and ripe fruits (e.g. apples,
cherries). Fire is also strongly connected, as is the sun and the
sky at sunset. Healthy light skinned people are sometimes said to
have a "ruddy" complexion (as opposed to appearing pale). After the
rise of socialism in the mid-19th century, red was to describe revolutionary
movements. The word is also obviously associated with anything of
the color occupying the lower end of the visible light spectrum, such
as red hair or red soil.
Colorimetry,
color science, vision, and photography
Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting
predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the
human eye, in the wavelength range of approximately 630–700 nm. Longer
wavelengths than this are called infrared, or below red and cannot
be seen by human eyes. Red's wavelength has been an important factor
in laser technologies as red lasers, used in early compact disc technologies,
are being replaced by blue lasers, as red's longer wavelength causes
the laser's recordings to take up more space on the disc than blue
lasers. Red light is also used to preserve night vision in low-light
or night-time situations, as the rod cells in the human eye aren't
sensitive to red. Red is used as one of the additive primary colors
of light, complementary to cyan, in RGB color systems. Red is also
one of the subtractive primary colors of RYB color space but not CMYK
color space. One common use of red as an additive primary color is
in the RGB color model. Because "red" is not by itself standardized,
color mixtures based on red are not exact specifications of color
either. In order to produce exact colors the color red needs to be
defined in terms of an absolute color space such as sRGB. As used
in computer monitors and television screens, red is very variable,
but some systems may apply color correction (so that a standardized
"red" is produced that is not in fact full intensity of only the red
colorant). A red filter used in black and white photography increases
contrast in most scenes. For example, combined with a polarizer, it
can turn the sky black. Films simulating the effects of infrared film
(such as Ilford's SFX 200) do so by being much more sensitive to red
than to other colors. Red illumination was (and sometimes still is)
used as a "safelight" while working in a darkroom, as it does not
expose most photographic paper and some films. Though many more modern
darkrooms use an amber safelight, red illumination is closely associated
with the darkroom in the public mind.
In
nature
In astronomy, stars of spectral type M (the stars with the coolest
temperature) are classified as red stars. Mars is called the Red Planet
because of the reddish color imparted to its surface by the abundant
iron oxide present there. Astronomical objects which are moving away
from the observer exhibit a red shift. Jupiter's surface displays
a Great Red Spot, a football-shaped area south of the planet's equator.
Astronomers believe the spot to be some kind of storm. Red blood cells
on agar plates Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of oxygenated
hemoglobin. Red light is the first to be absorbed by sea water, so
that many fish and marine invertebrates that appear bright red are
black in their native habitat. When used about animal coloration red
usually refers to a brownish, reddish-brown or ginger color. In this
sense it is used to describe coat colors of reddish-brown cattle and
dogs, and in the names of various animal species or breeds such as
red fox, red squirrel, red deer, Robin Redbreast, Red Grouse, Red
Knot, Redstart, Redwing, Red Setter, Red Devon cattle etc. The usage
for animal color appears similar to that for red ochre, red hair and
Red Indian. Interestingly red appears to be rarely used in names of
animals which are a brighter blood-red or scarlet color (Carmine Bee-eater,
Scarlet Tanager), Cardinal. When used for flowers, red often refers
to purplish (red deadnettle, red clover, red helleborine) or pink
(red campion, red valerian) colors.
Symbolism
Sin, guilt, passion and anger - Red is frequently used as a symbol
of guilt, sin and anger, often as connected with blood or sex. A biblical
example is found in Isaiah: "Though your sins be as scarlet, they
shall be white as snow." Also, The Scarlet Letter an 1850 American
novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, features a woman in a Puritan New England
community who is punished for adultery with ostracism, her sin represented
by a red letter 'A' sewn into her clothes. This all comes from a general
Hebrew view inherited by Christianity which associates red with the
blood of murder, as well as with guilt in general. Another popular
example of this is in the phrase "caught red-handed", meaning either
caught in an act of crime or caught with the blood of murder still
on one's hands. At one point, red was associated with prostitutes,
or now, with brothels (red-light districts). In Roman Catholicism,
red represents wrath, one of the Seven Deadly Sins. In Christianity,
Satan is usually depicted as colored red and/or wearing a red costume
in both iconography and popular culture. Statistics have shown that
red cars are more likely to be involved in accidents. The color red
is associated with lust, passion, love, and beauty as well. The association
with love and beauty is possibly related to the use of red roses as
a love symbol. Both the Greeks and the Hebrews considered red a symbol
of love, as well as sacrifice. Psychological research has shown that
men find women who are wearing red more attractive.
Courage and sacrifice
Red is also used as a symbol of courage and sacrifice, as in blood
spilt in sacrifice or courage in the face of lethal danger. Examples
of this are found in the flags of many nations including the United
States, as well as in the novel The Red Badge of Courage, in which
a soldier in the American Civil War discovers the meaning of courage.
Besides the association with guilt previously mentioned, in Christianity,
red represents the color of Christian martyrs who suffered death for
their faith. It is sometimes used for Holy Thursday and during Eastertide,
and red green and white is the color scheme of Christmas. In Roman
Catholic tradition it is used for all feast days of Christian martyrs
as well as Palm Sunday in anticipation of the death of Jesus. Along
the same lines, red is associated in Roman mythology with the god
of war, Mars. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body
painted red in honor of his achievement. The phrase "red-blooded"
describes someone who is audacious, robust, or virile. In English
heraldry, red (called gules) denoted ardent affection or love, while
crimson (blood-color) stood for boldness, enthusiasm, or impetuosity.
Warning
Red is used as a stop sign used in various countries. The shape and
color red is used nearly universally today. Red sky at night, sailor's/shepherd's
delight. Red catches people's attention, and is often used either
in a negative way to indicate danger and emergency, or in a positive
way in advertising to gain more viewers, or in nature, as a ripe fruit
announces its readiness with its red color. Several studies have indicated
that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors, with the
level of reaction decreasing gradually with orange, yellow, and white,
respectively. Because of this, scientists have repeatedly recommended
red for warning signals, labels, and signs. Because of these recommendations,
red has seen widespread use as a danger signal, in stop signs, to
warn people of extreme heat or flammability, and even to signal warnings
in sports such as soccer (see: penalty card).
In non-Western traditions
In China, red (? pinyin: Ho-ng) is the symbol of fire and the south
(both south in general and Southern China specifically). It carries
a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty,
honor, success, fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer.
In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where
brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is also frequently
used to wrap gifts of money or other things. Special red packets called
hong bao as in Mandarin or lai see as in Cantonese - are specifically
used during the Chinese New Year to give monetary gifts. On the more
negative end, obituaries are traditionally written in red ink, and
to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of
your life, or that they have died.Red is also associated with both
the feminine yin and the masculine yang, depending on the source.
In Japan, red is a traditional color for a heroic figure.
In the Indian Sub-continent, red is the traditional color of bridal dresses, and is frequently represented in the media as a symbolic color for married women. The color is associated with sexuality in marriage relationships through its connection to heat and fertility. It is also the color of wealth, beauty, and the goddess Lakshmi.
In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black, but not as good as white.
In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death. Because of the connection red bears with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent
